9 common signs of depression to look out for
Clinically reviewed by Dr. Chris Mosunic, PhD, RD, CDCES, MBA
Explore what exactly depression is, including the different types and 9 common signs to look out for. Plus, when you should ask for help with depression.
Those who have experienced depression know that it can impact how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. It may be challenging to directly identify because it can affect people in different ways, but for most, it involves deep, lasting emotions of sadness and a lack of interest in activities once enjoyed.
Depression can affect anyone, regardless of their background, age, or lifestyle. Learning exactly what depression is can help us better understand and support those who are struggling with this condition. Recognizing the signs can be the first step toward seeking help and finding ways to manage and overcome the challenges of depression.
What is depression, and how can I identify it?
While we all may feel down on occasion, depression isn’t just a fleeting sense of sadness or a temporary reaction. It is a persistent condition affecting millions worldwide that can deeply influence how we feel, think, and manage daily activities. Depression can make life seem overwhelming. It can drain joy and energy from activities we once found enjoyable or fulfilling.
It's essential to know that depression is a diagnosed medical condition — it's not a sign of personal weakness or a negative personality trait. People with depression can't simply snap out of it or cheer up. The condition often requires professional intervention and treatment for improvement.
Depression can show up in various ways, and can affect every aspect of your life, from sleep and appetite to relationships and self-esteem. It can lead to a range of emotional and physical problems, making even the simplest tasks feel insurmountable. The condition is often misunderstood, which can lead to stigma or judgment, making those suffering from it hesitant to seek help.
9 common signs of depression
Depression is treatable, and recognizing the signs is an important first step toward recovery. If you or someone you know is struggling, consider seeking professional help.
Persistent sadness or low mood: Deep, ongoing sadness affecting every aspect of life
Loss of interest or pleasure: Losing interest in activities, hobbies, and daily routines previously enjoyed
Significant weight changes or appetite disturbances: Noticeable, unexpected weight gain or loss and changes in appetite
Sleep disturbances: Regular issues with insomnia or oversleeping that disrupt daily functioning
Physical agitation or slowness: Noticeable changes in physical movement, either increased restlessness or a slowing down
Fatigue or loss of energy: Persistent tiredness without physical exertion, making daily activities difficult
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt: Harsh self-criticism and disproportionate guilt over minor issues
Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions: Struggles with focus, memory, and making everyday decisions
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide: Serious signs like thoughts of death or suicide need immediate help
Understanding the different types of depression
By understanding the various types of depression, you can better recognize the signs in yourself or others, and seek appropriate treatment.
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Major depressive disorder is what most people think of when they think of depression. It’s characterized by persistent and intense feelings of sadness or a lack of interest in things that were once enjoyable. The symptoms are severe enough to interfere with daily activities and are present nearly every day for at least two weeks.
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Although chronic (or ongoing), dysthymia is a milder form of depression. Symptoms last for two years or more, but they may not be as intense as those of major depressive disorder. People with dysthymia might function day to day but often feel as though they're just going through the motions.
Bipolar disorder
Previously known as manic depression, bipolar disorder involves episodes of depression followed by episodes of mania or hypomania, which is a less intense form of mania. During depressive phases, you may experience symptoms similar to those of major depressive disorder.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
This type of depression is related to changes in seasons and typically occurs during the winter months when there’s less natural sunlight. SAD can significantly impact your mood and energy levels.
Peripartum (postpartum) depression (PPD)
Postpartum depression can occur during pregnancy or after childbirth. While it's common to experience mood changes or "baby blues" during this time, peripartum and postpartum depression are more severe and long-lasting, and can affect a mother's ability to care for herself and her baby.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
A severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder can include extreme mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and depression symptoms. It can significantly impact the quality of life in the luteal phase of your menstrual cycle, which takes place a week or two before menstruation starts.
Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
In some cases, depression can be directly caused by another medical illness. It has a direct correlation to the physical health issue and can improve as the condition is managed.
Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
This type of depression can occur after a significant life change or stressor, such as losing a loved one or going through a divorce. While it's normal to feel sad during these times, adjustment disorder is more severe and lasts longer than may typically be expected.
When to ask for help for depression
Depression is a medical condition, not a personal flaw or failing. Professional help — whether through therapy, medication, or other support mechanisms — can provide relief and help you recover. If you or someone you know is experiencing the signs of depression, reach out to a healthcare provider, a mental health professional, or someone you trust for support.
1. Duration of symptoms: If feelings of sadness or other depression symptoms persist for more than two weeks, consider meeting with a professional for advice.
2. Interference with daily life: When symptoms of depression start affecting work, studies, relationships, routine tasks, daily responsibilities, or self-care, it might be time to seek professional support.
3. Increased isolation: Withdrawing from social interactions and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed can be signs of depression, so it might be time to ask for help.
4. Changes in physical health: Consult a doctor if you notice persistent changes in sleep patterns, appetite, or energy levels, which may indicate depression.
5. Escalating negative thoughts: Immediately address serious signs, such as an increase in persistent negative thinking, feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, or thoughts of self-harm.
6. Self-medication: Using substances, such as alcohol or drugs, as a way to cope with symptoms is an important sign you may want to consider talking to a professional.
7. Feedback from others: Sometimes, friends, family, or colleagues might notice changes in your behavior or mood that you might not see. If others express concern about your wellbeing, consider their perspective as a prompt to seek help.
Signs of depression FAQs
How can I tell if I’m experiencing depression or just a temporary sadness?
Temporary sadness can be a normal part of life and usually has a specific, identifiable cause. It comes and goes, and typically doesn't interfere significantly with your daily life.
On the other hand, depression can be a persistent feeling of sadness or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. If your feelings of sadness are overwhelming, last for an extended period of time, or affect your daily activities, it's more likely to be depression than just a temporary feeling of sadness.
Are there certain factors that increase one’s risk for developing depression?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing depression. These can include a family history of depression, undergoing major life changes, or stressful events, chronic medical conditions, and experiencing trauma or abuse. Even certain personality traits or disorders, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, can make someone more susceptible to depression. But remember that depression can happen to anyone, regardless of their medical or personal history.
How effective are antidepressants in treating depression, and should I consider them?
Antidepressants can be an effective form of treatment for many people with depression, but they don't work for everyone. The effectiveness of antidepressants can vary depending on the type of depression and the individual response to the medication. Medication for depression can often get the best results when used in combination with psychotherapy.
Have a thorough discussion with a healthcare provider about the potential benefits and side effects of antidepressants before deciding on the treatment path you’d like to take. Sometimes, it may be necessary to try more than one medication to find the one that works best for you.
Can lifestyle changes really make a difference in managing depression symptoms?
Lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing depression symptoms. Regular physical activity, a nutritious diet, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques can all contribute to improved mood and overall wellbeing. While lifestyle changes alone might not be sufficient for everyone dealing with depression, they can be an effective part of an overall treatment plan. Engaging in activities that you enjoy, staying connected with others, and establishing a routine can all help manage depression.
What resources are available for those who can’t afford traditional therapy?
For those who can't afford or struggle to access traditional therapy, there are several alternative resources available.
Many communities offer low-cost or free counseling services provided by public health clinics, community centers, or religious organizations.
Online therapy platforms with tips for working on depression can be more affordable and accessible than traditional in-person therapy.
Support groups, either in person or online, can also offer valuable support and connection with others facing similar challenges.
Apps designed to help manage mental health, some of which offer guided meditation, mood tracking, and cognitive behavioral therapy exercises, which can be a helpful support.
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